Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The studies for body recognition processing often focus on inverted body. And the body inversion effect refers to the fact that the reaction time to identify the inverted body is longer and the correct rate is lower than that to the upright body. Recently, researchers have used a variety of techniques to examine the effect and its configural processing mechanism, in which there are still controversy about the role of head information. In addition, now available body inversion effect mainly concentrated on the configural processing theory and the configural processing continuum theory, however there are still some discrepancies between the two theories in terms of the subcomponents involved in the configural processing. Further researches, with more special populations involved, can focus on the improvements of relevant theories and the specific role of head information, through using materials of high ecological validity.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Pride is a positive emotional experience arising from evaluating one’s own achievements attributed to oneself based on the standard of self-internalization. As a typical self-conscious emotion, moral emotion, and social emotion, different types of pride have multiple psychological and social functions that have profound significance in promoting mental development and social interactions. In recent years, revealing the neural basis and its potential mechanism for this complex emotion has not only become a hot topic in pride research but also a frontier issue in affective neuroscience. In view of the complexity of pride, this paper analyzed the neural basis of different types of pride from a comparative perspective and places pride in the spectrum of self-consciousness emotions and moral emotions for a comparative analysis of its neurophysiological mechanisms. Research has shown that the synergistic actions between regions of the brain that relate to the theory of mind, self-referencing, emotion, reward, and memory constitute the neural basis of pride. Different types of pride activated some overlapping neural regions, and the differences reflected specific psychological components. The neural comparison of pride and basic emotions revealed that the mechanism of pride was more complex. The activated brain regions not only contained sensory and perceptual processing, but also were involved in higher cognitive functions such as the theory of mind, self-reference, and self-reflection. A comparison of neurological and physiological studies found that the brain regions activated by pride and different moral emotions overlapped more than did basic emotions. Specifically, pride and gratitude, the two positive emotions, activated the important brain regions involved in the theory of mind and reward processing, and there was a great overlap among guilt, shame, embarrassment, self-esteem, and other emotions in the brain regions involved in the theory of mind and self-reference. The inconsistency of the results was manifested in the activation of the medial prefrontal cortex, a region related to the theory of mind and self-reflection. These results suggest to some extent that the development of complex cognitive functions is an important basis for the formation of pride. The generation of pride, different moral emotions, and self-conscious emotions is based on the cognition and attribution of the intention and behavior of oneself and others, and influence each other in the process of occurrence and development. These findings provide the basis for understanding the complex neural mechanisms of pride. Current studies on the neural mechanism of pride mostly focus on the individual level and use fMRI to compare the neural basis of pride and different emotions. The differences in the existing research conclusions need to be further explored. Therefore, future research should explore the neural mechanisms of different types and intensities of pride, and use ERP to investigate the interaction between pride and cognitive processes such as perception, evaluation, and decision making in order to reveal the neural mechanism of pride from a multi-dimensional perspective.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Metacognition is the cognition of cognition, including all aspects of cognition. The recent years have witnessed a rapid increase in research on the combination of metacognition and face cognition. Face cognition is often thought to be ‘special’ in some respects, due to its innateness, automaticity, neural specificity, and heredity. The combination of metacognition and face cognition can broaden the research of the two fields and explore whether the phenomena widely confirmed at the level of face cognition apply to its metacognitive level, and whether the metacognitive illusions found in many non-face fields also appear in the field of face cognition. In addition, face conveys important identity information and social information. The combination of metacognition and face cognition also has rich practical significance in social communication, clinical diagnosis, administration of justice, and other practical fields. The current research on metacognition of face cognition is still in its infancy. The term "metacognition" has been rarely directly mentioned, and the related concepts has been used instead. Moreover, most researchers have only focused on the study of the judgment of learning (JOL) in face memory. This paper aims to make an in-depth analysis of the current metacognitive research on face cognition, in order to provide more inspiring research ideas for scholars in the related fields, and promote the follow-up development of the empirical research on the combination of metacognition and face cognition studies. This paper firstly systematically reviewed the domestic and foreign research on the cut-in points of the combination of metacognition and face cognition, and further summarized the main research methods. The cut-in points of recent studies on the combination of the two fields included the applicability of metacognitive illusions (Dunning-Kruger effect and egocentric bias) in face cognition and the applicability of face cognition phenomena (own-race effect and familiarity advantage) in metacognition. As for the main research methods of the research on the combination of metacognition and face cognition, according to different testing timings, methods have been mainly divided into three ways, including the prospective measurements (e.g., judgment of learning, JOL), concurrent measurements (e.g., feeling of knowing, FOK), and retrospective measurements (e.g., retrospective assessment questionnaires). According to different evaluation targets, methods can also be divided into the estimates of one’s own performance (e.g., self-assessment questionnaires) and the estimates of other people's performance (e.g., estimates of the number of people who answered correctly in the face cognition tasks). Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and it should be selected according to the metacognitive components that researchers aim to explore. Multiple methods can be combined based on different research aims. Finally, four feasible directions for further theoretical and applied research were proposed. First, the previous research remains at the level of metacognitive monitoring. In the future, it can be expanded to the level of metacognitive control of face cognition, metacognitive performance of the subjective judgment of facial arousal and the cognitive neural mechanism of the two fields. Second, comparative studies can be conducted with non-face cognition fields to further explore whether the consistent metacognitive results across face and non-face fields are related to the domain general feature of metacognition or due to some possible personality traits. Thirdly, whether metacognitive ability of face cognition can be improved by improving the face cognition ability would also be an interesting direction for future studies to focus on. Fourthly, with the wide application of human face automatic recognition system, it is particularly important to expand the targets of the metacognitive evaluation from human beings to algorithms, based on the part of the need for manual review of machine learning face recognition results. This would provide new perspectives for understanding face cognition, and enhance its application values.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The term meta-stereotype refers to the beliefs of in-group members regarding the stereotypes that out-group members hold about them. Its valence can be positive or negative, and its effects can also be positive or negative. Previous researchers have held the view that the valence and effects of meta-stereotype conform to the “rewarding principle.” In other words, positive meta-stereotype activation would have a positive effect, and negative meta-stereotype activation would have a negative effect. However, recent studies, have found that this relationship was not consistent. Up to now, the nature of the relationship between the valence and effects of meta-stereotype is still a matter of debate. For the negative meta-stereotype activation, its threat effect conforms to the rewarding principle, whereas the reactance effect does not. The threat effect of the negative meta-stereotype is that its activation could result in psychological conflict for individuals engaged in social situations. This may induce them to face a loss of cognitive balance and experience anxiety and stress, resulting in negative consequences. In contrast, it is possible for the activation of negative meta-stereotype to have a positive effect, that is, the reactance effect. When the negative meta-stereotype is activated, individuals perceive that they are being negatively evaluated by the out-group members. They may act to refute the negative evaluation. They would then display positive behaviors in a way to maintain a positive in-group image or prove their own abilities. It was found that the threat and reactance effects of negative meta-stereotype differ in the research scope, mechanism, and interventions that would eliminate the negative effects of meta-stereotype. For the positive meta-stereotype activation, its boost effect conforms to the rewarding principle, whereas the choking effect does not. In general, the positive meta-stereotype reflects the positive evaluation by the out-group to the in-group members; that is, it contains a number of positive characteristics. Therefore, the activation of the positive meta-stereotype can lead to a boost effect. Specifically, when individuals feel that they are positively viewed by the out-group members, they not only feel better about themselves, but also are encouraged to give back to other out-group members in helpful, constructive way. In contrast, positive meta-stereotype activation may also have a negative effect; that is, the choking effect. If individuals perceive that the out-group members hold very high expectations of them, they may feel substantially more pressure. This can bring about undesirable outcomes. They might focus too intensely on themselves, or even feel worry and doubt their own abilities, and subsequently perform badly. After comparing previous studies of the boost and choking effects of positive meta-stereotype, it was found that the differences between them were in the research scope, mechanism, and the mode of activation. Based on the analysis of the four effects mentioned above, it appears that the effects of meta-stereotype activation of different valences are influenced by a variety of factors at the individual and the group levels. Among them, the individual-level factors are the difficulty of retrieving the meta-stereotype, the internal resources, the degree of meta-stereotype personalization, and the impression management motivation; the group-level factors include group social status. Although research on meta-stereotype has gradually expanded, it still mainly focuses on the threat effect of the negative meta-stereotype and the boost effect of the positive meta-stereotype respectively. Studies on the reactance effect of the negative meta-stereotype and the choking effect of the positive meta-stereotype are limited. Many issues remain to be addressed. Future research can further expand the fields and preconditions of the diverse effects activated by the negative and positive meta-stereotypes, explore the interventions to eliminate the negative effects of meta-stereotype, and investigate the role of meta-stereotype activation mode.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The linguistic patterns, reflected in the words people use, reveal information about psychological state and psychopathological traits. Individuals with depression are distinguishable from healthy people in their patterns of language use. Identifying the linguistic patterns, as an innovative and convenient approach, would help predict and better diagnosis depression. In studies with traditional psychological methods, researchers examined the depressed language using constructed-response data. Specifically, participants are required to write or give speech on a topic (for example, participants were asked to write about their "deepest thoughts and feelings about their personal relationship" or talk about their “future career”). Participants’ responses (texts or transcribed texts) were then quantified and analyzed with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software. Researchers found that the psychopathological traits of depressed patients were related to their linguistic patterns: the state of self-focused attention, social relationship quality and cognitive bias were respectively related to the frequency of first person singular pronouns, first person plural pronouns and emotional words in spoken and written language. It is worth to note that some variables (such as gender, communication environment and the person who are communicated with) were found moderated the relationship between language use and depression. Other factors affecting the results include the small and homogeneous sample, the limited time period researchers could track, and the weak correlations between certain words and depression. In sum, with the traditional psychological methods, researchers could hardly collect massive, longitudinal data from heterogenous participants to achieve stable results. Recently, studies using social media data have partly addressed these flaws. Social media provides rich and informative data. It is efficient and economical to detect depressed patients from social media users with machine learning method. What researchers do is to build a predictive model by setting the users’ social media data (for example, demographics and the linguistic content of posts) as inputs, users’ score on the standardized depression scales or their depression diagnosis as outputs. The linguistic patterns of depressed patients were generated during the feature engineering or the modeling. LIWC software is also used as the major linguistic analysis tool. These studies replicated previous findings: depressed patients used more first person singular pronouns and negative emotional words, and less first person plural pronouns and positive emotional words. Furthermore, with the social media data, researchers found more language indicators of depressed patients in daily life: they use more death words, anxiety words, swear words, anger words, religion words, health words, as well as causality words, and less second and third person pronouns. These findings are explainable by several theoretical models of depression (e.g. behavioral model, cognitive model and interpersonal model). In addition, social media based research found that the language indicators of depressed users changed in a positive way after they participated in on-line depression communities. The change was strengthened as the number of communication increased. Taken together, studies using traditional psychological methods and research with machine learning complemented each other, and increased our understanding of the linguistic patterns of depressed patients. Future studies could explore other language indicators specific to depression, examine the factors that affecting word use patterns, test whether the language indicators found among Westerns fit Chinese, and strengthen related theoretical research. diagnosis
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Dual-process theory holds that memory are based on two processes: familiarity and recollection. Familiarity refers to the feeling of knowing something or someone without the retrieval of additional information. In contrast, recollection includes remembering contextual information about the learning episode. While there is agreement that item memory can be supported by both processes, associative memory is generally thought to be supported by recollection only. However, recent research suggested that familiarity can also contribute to associative memory when the to-be-associated stimuli are unitized during encoding. Graf and Schacter (1989) defined this manipulation as unitization. Subsequently, a large number of behavioral studies, ERP studies, fMRI studies, and studies of older adults began to examine the effect of unitizaiton on associative memory and its processing. The results consistently showed that both top-down unitizaiton and bottom-up unitizaiton increased the contribution of familiarity to associative memory. However, some issues have been overlooked in these studies. First, the vast majority of studies have considered only the effect of single-modality unitization on associative memory, while only a very small number of studies have compared the effect of different unitization on associative memory. A review of these studies reveals that conceptual unitization has a higher level of unitization than perceptual unitization and interactive imagery task, and that interactive imagery task may have a higher level of unitization than conceptual definition task. However, no studies directly compared the level of unitization between conceptual unitization and conceptual definition task, and between perceptual unitization and interactive imagery/conceptual definition tasks. Second, limited by experimental material selection and memory load, most studies have not matched the level of unitization between the studied and rearranged pairs. Liu et al. (2020) first introduced the variable of unitization-congruence, and three studies consistently revealed that unitization-congruence does moderate the effect of unitization on associative memory. This finding not only help resolve the current debates in the literature concerning the influence of unitization on associative memory, but also reveal the optimal condition to benefit associative recognition from unitization—when item pairs with high level of unitization at encoding are rearranged into item pairs with lower level of unitization at retrieval. Again, while it is widely accepted that unitization can facilitate the contribution of familiarity to associative memory, there is disagreement about the effect of unitization on the memory of the individual items that comprise the association. The ‘benefits-only’ account argues that unitization facilitates associative memory without impairing item memory, whereas the ‘benefits and costs’ account argues that unitization facilitates associative memory at the expense of item memory. A review of existing studies suggests that limited cognitive resources and semantic relatedness between the old and new words may be important in explaining these two accounts. Finally, there are three apparently different hypotheses about the mechanisms by which unitization occurs, namely, the item hypothesis, the schema hypothesis, and the semantic elaboration hypothesis. Combining the effects of unitization on associative and item memory, the item hypothesis seems more reasonable. In summary, we can not only compare the facilitation effect of different unitization on associative memory but also explore its lifelong development pattern in further study, provided that unitization-congruence needs to be taken into account.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Mainstream models on intertemporal choice assume that a temporal discounting process occurs when people choose between outcomes occurring at different times in an intertemporal choice. Economists and psychologists have proposed a series of models to describe the intertemporal decision-making behavior. Whether it is the initial discounting utility model or the later hyperbolic model, etc., the hypothesis of time discounting has been upheld, which refers to people’s tendency to discount the value of delayed outcomes by the amount of time one must wait for them, thereby reducing the subjective value of these future outcomes. However, there is a phenomenon that fundamentally deviates from the discounting family model—the negative discounting phenomenon. The emergence of negative discounting challenges the time discounting hypothesis held by mainstream intertemporal decision-making models. The current researches on intertemporal choice pay little attention to the negative discounting phenomenon. Its related researches mainly concentrated in the early stage and that on its influencing factors and internal mechanism are even poorer. This article systematically sorted out the phenomenon of negative discounting, which was found in money and non-money domains with benefits and losses. There is a certain percentage of negative discounting phenomenon in every domain, which may be underestimated. Researchers need to pay more attention to this phenomenon in the future and find more by modifying the decision-making paradigm. This article also elaborated on the possible explanation mechanism—anticipated emotions. The negative discounting phenomenon in the domain of gain and loss can be explained by "anticipated savoring" and "anticipated dread" respectively. However, there are few empirical studies on the mechanism of negative discounting. Future research should combine eye tracking and fMRI technology to further explore the mechanism and enrich researches on the influencing factors of the negative discounting, such as individual characteristics and option characteristics. Currently, researchers mostly explored intertemporal choice behavior under the framework of time discounting hypothesis. However, it will help us better understand intertemporal choice and further improve the intertemporal decision model to explore the internal mechanism and influencing factors of the negative discounting. Moreover, in certain situations of gains or losses, the phenomenon of negative discounting will benefit individuals’ mental health as well as social harmony. Therefore, it is of great social significance to formulate a boosting strategy to facilitate the emergence of the negative discounting phenomenon.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Emotional granularity refers to the ability to make a fine distinction between similar emotional states, and can be divided into positive and negative emotional granularity based on the valence of differentiated emotions. The ability to carefully perceive and distinguish the rich complexity of negative emotional experiences has been found to have a profound impact on individuals’ physical and mental health. Negative emotional granularity has been shown to play an important role in enhancing well-being and reducing psychopathological symptoms such as depression and anxiety. In view of its mechanisms, in cognitive level, negative emotional granularity can exert positive impacts on individuals by facilitating the adaptability and effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies and maintaining individuals’ emotional stability by improving interpersonal emotional skills, it can also serve as a protective factor for internalizing and externalizing problems. Specifically, negative emotional granularity reduces the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies such as rumination and avoidance, and promotes the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. At the individual level, negative emotional granularity may maintain emotional stability through the selectivity and effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies, thereby promoting the physical and mental health of individuals. At the social level, negative emotional granularity is closely related to interpersonal emotional skills, which are also important for individuals' physical and mental health. In addition to maintaining short-term emotional stability, negative emotional granularity is also beneficial for long-term social adjustment, as negative emotional granularity can moderate the negative reactions caused by negative emotions and reduce the possibility of internalizing and externalizing problems. At the neurophysiological level, negative emotional granularity in the autonomic nervous system, can modulate the activity of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems and contribute to the maintenance of the one’s homeostasis. In the central nervous system, negative emotional granularity may facilitate changes in the activation patterns of neural networks related to emotional concepts, making it easier for individuals to achieve homeostasis in stressful situations. The major interventions related to negative emotional granularity include feeling words training and mindfulness-based interventions. Based on the conceptual act theory of emotion, negative emotional granularity depends on the development of emotion concepts. We propose that feeling words are linked to the emotion concepts that people use to conceptualize their affective experiences and transform them into refined, granular emotional experiences. Based on the theory of constructed emotion, negative emotional granularity is based on the individual's construction of past emotional experiences. Mindfulness-based interventions actively train individuals to bring their attention on their internal mental states, and to stay with them (regardless of their valence) without evaluating or striving to change them. This shift in perspective might improve the ability to identify mental states and might increase individuals’ negative emotional granularity. Future research should further improve the measurement accuracy of negative emotional granularity. More studies are needed to explore the dynamic change of negative emotional granularity from the person-centered perspective, expand its investigation, and focus on comparing the mechanisms of positive and negative emotional granularity.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Affective diathesis refers to an individual’s emotional psychological quality. It is a series of relatively stable psychological traits that are formed from the combination of both genes and the environment. In recent years, China's graduate student enrollment has increased each year. However, few studies have examined graduate students’ affective diathesis. A large-scale research study on the affective diathesis of Chinese contemporary graduate students is a significant, though challenging, endeavor. We analyzed affective diathesis of Chinese contemporary graduate students and its influencing factors using the self-developed “College Students’ Affective Diathesis Questionnaire” and “Affecting Factor Inventory.” The college students’ affective diathesis questionnaire has six sub-questionnaires (moral affection, rational affection, aesthetic affection, interpersonal affection, life affection, and emotional intelligence), including 33 different kinds of affects. The affecting factor inventory has 35 items in personal, family, school, and social respects. The questionnaires were administered to 10,056 graduate students from 51 colleges and universities in 14 major cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Changchun, Zhengzhou, Xi'an, Wuhan, Xining, Lanzhou, Guiyang, Nanning, Haikou, Kunming, and so on). The geographical regions included well-developed, developing, and less-developed regions in China. The results revealed the following. First, the affective diathesis of Chinese contemporary graduate students is generally positive. The development levels of life affection and moral affection were relatively high; the development levels of interpersonal affection, aesthetic affection, and emotional intelligence were relatively low. For the specific affections, the development levels of patriotism, responsibility, credibility, self-reliance, self-esteem, achievement, aesthetic for nature, and emotional understanding ability were relatively high; the development levels of integrity, forgiveness, aesthetic for humanity, and emotional expression ability were relatively low. Second, the results revealed that there was a structural difference between males and females. The development levels of integrity and exploration for males were higher than those for females; the development levels of intimacy, emotionally appealing, gratefulness, self-esteem, cherish, aesthetic for nature, and aesthetic for deportment for females were higher than those for males. Additionally, those who received awards had higher levels of affective diathesis, including all of the six sub-affections and nearly all of the specific affections. Further, the development levels of exploration and aesthetics for science in students majoring in science were higher than those for students majoring in liberal arts. Third, the factors that influence the development of affective diathesis in the graduate students fell into four categories: individuals, families, schools, and society. Sound moral values, more public awareness, strong interpersonal relationships, high self-expectations, and so on had a positive impact on graduate students’ affective diathesis. Finally, graduate student's development levels of public benefit, self-improvement, exploration, learning happiness, major interest, self-confidence, aesthetic for humanity, and aesthetic for science were higher than those of undergraduates. Further, the negative influence of school pressure and time spent online on affective diathesis in undergraduate students was greater than it was in the graduate students. The results from this investigation provide educators with abundant first-hand information on how to improve graduate students’ affective diathesis, as well as for academics on the theoretical implications for affective diathesis research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Studies show that significant differences are found in intertemporal choice between people in positive and negative emotions. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is underexplored. This study aimed to reveal the process mechanism of emotions on intertemporal decision making on the basis of the single dimension priority model by using a process-oriented method-a visual analog scale. We conducted three studies, where emotions were induced by video clip-induced technique to trigger target emotions (positive, neutral and negative). In study 1, the effects of emotions on intertemporal choice was investigated. This study used a 3 (emotion: positive, neutral, negative) � 2 (delay amount: 100, 1000 yuan) � 5 (delay time: 10, 30, 90, 180, 360 days) mixed design with emotion as a between-subjects variable. Participants were randomly assigned to positive, neutral, and negative conditions and were asked to complete the delay discounting task. In study 2, the process mechanism of emotions on intertemporal choice with a between-subjects design (emotion: positive, negative) was explored. Participants in each condition were asked to complete the delay discounting task and to compare the difference in the delay dimension with that on the outcome dimension. In studies 3a and 3b, 2 (emotion: positive, negative) � 2 (priming: time priming/money priming, no priming) between-subjects designs were used to manipulate the difference-comparing process and explore whether the effect of emotions on intertemporal choice disappeared. The results were observed as follows: (1) Emotions affected intertemporal choice significantly. Participants in the positive condition preferred the delay reward more than participants in the negative and neutral condition. (2) The difference-comparing process played a mediating role in the relationship between emotion and intertemporal decision making. Participants in positive emotion perceived that the difference in outcome dimension was greater than that of delay dimension and preferred the delay option. Participants in negative emotions perceived opposite and tended to choose the immediate choice. (3) The effect of emotions on intertemporal decision making disappeared when the difference-comparing process was manipulated. In summary, this study revealed the psychological mechanism of emotions on intertemporal decision making from the perspective of decision-making process and added important procedural evidence to the single dimension priority model.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Competitive victimhood is a psychological phenomenon pervasive on both sides of an intergroup conflict; it implies that one person believes their group suffers more than the other does. As one of the most prominent and growing barriers to positive intergroup relations globally, competitive victimhood has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. However, little research has been conducted on competitive victimhood in Chinese hospitals, where the doctor-patient relationship is increasingly tense. The common ingroup identity model holds that by reconstructing social identity and breaking the boundaries of conflict groups, members can develop a common ingroup identity. This identity improves attitudes toward outer groups, which may help reduce competitive victimhood. The need-based model argues that power and morality are ingroups and outgroups' basic needs. Members of both sides are threatened by power or morality and are motivated to restore their identities, affecting competitive victimhood. Therefore, it is worth studying whether common ingroup identity can effectively reduce competition victimization between doctors and patients and what roles power and moral needs play.In Study 1, 90 doctors and nurses and 86 patients and their families from three hospitals in Shanghai and Sichuan were selected in a 2 (group: doctors vs. patients) � 2 (common identity: control group vs. common ingroup identity) design. A brief story about doctors and patients fighting disease together was used to improve common ingroup identity. Then we used a questionnaire about competitive victimhood to investigate whether common ingroup identity affected competitive victimhood between doctors and patients. In Study 2A, another group of participants was selected, including 71 doctors and nurses along with 73 patients and their families from three hospitals in Shanghai and Sichuan. Participants underwent the same procedure as in Study 1, then completing the power and moral needs questionnaires. Study 2A aimed to investigate the influence of common ingroup identity on victimhood between doctors and patients, as well as the roles of power and moral needs. To further test the hypothesized model, we selected 54 medical students with hospital internship experience and 54 non-medical students with recent treatment experience in Study 2B, where we activated common ingroup identities using a re-categorization strategy. The main results were as follows. (1) In Study 1, ANOVA results showed that compared with control groups, groups with common ingroup identity reported lower competitive victimhood, and there was no interaction between group and common identity. (2) Study 2A showed that power need mediated the relationship between common ingroup identity and competitive victimhood. The indirect effect of power need was significant. The moral need was irrelevant to common ingroup identity and is not a mediator. (3) Study 2B reconfirmed the model for doctors but not for the patients group.Based on the common ingroup identity model, this study proposed and confirmed the applicability of this model in the doctor-patient field in China. Additionally, the study proposed new methods and perspectives on the doctor-patient relationship. In the future, researchers should focus on other mediators, such as empathy and trust in different groups.
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